Protocolo de Manejo de Cirugía Metabólica y Bariátrica del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Management Protocol for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓN. La obesidad mórbida es una enfermedad crónica multifactorial asociada a complicaciones físicas y psicológicas que empeoran la calidad de vida de los pacientes y disminuyen su esperanza de vida; es un problema sanitario de primera magnitud debido al incremento de esta patología en Ecuador y a las dificultades que entraña su prevención y tratamiento. La cirugía de la obesidad es compleja, no exenta de complicaciones, cuyo objetivo es reducir de manera significativa las comorbilidades asociadas y mejorar el bienestar de los pacientes, cuya técnica quirúrgica sea fácil de reproducir, con porcentajes de revisión bajos y que constituya un tratamiento eficaz y seguro para la obesidad clínicamente grave, con evidencia que demuestra reducción de la mortalidad por todas las causas, mejoría en la expectativa y calidad de vida de los pacientes1.

1. INTRODUCTION. Morbid obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease associated with physical and psychological complications that worsen the quality of life of patients and decrease their life expectancy; it is a health problem of the first magnitude due to the increase of this pathology in Ecuador and the difficulties involved in its prevention and treatment. Obesity surgery is complex, not exempt of complications, whose objective is to significantly reduce associated comorbidities and improve the well-being of patients, whose surgical technique is easy to reproduce, with low revision percentages and that constitutes an effective and safe treatment for clinically severe obesity, with evidence that shows a reduction in all-cause mortality, improvement in life expectancy and quality of life of patients1.

Obesidad, tejido adiposo y cirugía bariátrica / Obesity, adipose tissue, and bariatric surgery

Resumen En las últimas décadas, la prevalencia de la obesidad ha aumentado a escala mundial y ha provocado complicaciones metabólicas tales como diabetes de tipo 2, esteatosis, problemas cardiovasculares, entre otras. Su desarrollo puede estar influenciado por factores genéticos y ambientales, incluyendo la microbiota intestinal. En México, el 33.3% de la población adulta padece de este problema. La obesidad involucra un incremento excesivo del tejido adiposo que produce su disfunción. Se ha demostrado que la remodelación del tejido adiposo, dada por angiogénesis, hipoxia e inflamación, otorga susceptibilidad a desarrollar obesidad y conlleva a modificaciones metabólicas. La cirugía bariátrica ha sido el procedimiento más utilizado y más exitoso para tratar la obesidad mórbida en cuanto a la pérdida de peso corporal a largo plazo y a la remisión de comorbilidades como la diabetes tipo 2. En este artículo se revisan los aspectos moleculares por medio de los cuales la cirugía bariátrica provoca cambios metabólicos que se reflejan en la pérdida de peso y las mejoras metabólicas. Por lo tanto, se resumen aspectos genéticos, de microbioma y moleculares (remodelación del tejido adiposo) que influyen en el desarrollo de la obesidad. También se explican los aspectos moleculares a través de los cuales se puede modular la pérdida de peso y la mejoría de comorbilidades metabólicas.

Abstract Obesity prevalence has increased in the last decades worldwide leading to metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes, steatosis, cardiovascular disease, among others; its development is influenced by genetic factors and environmental factors, such as intestinal microbiome. In Mexico, 33.3% of the adults present this disease. Obesity is defined as an excessive adipose tissue accumulation, provoking its dysfunction. Adipose tissue remodeling, which involves angiogenesis, hypoxia and inflammation, is implicated in the developing of obesity and metabolic modifications. Bariatric surgery is the most used and successful intervention to control morbid obesity, leading a maintained loss of weight and remission of some of its comorbidities as type 2 diabetes. Here, we review some of the molecular aspects of the metabolic changes provoked by bariatric surgery and its impact in weight loss and comorbidities remission. In summary, this article reviews the genetic aspects, microbiome and molecular facts (adipose tissue remodeling) that are involved in obesity development. In addition, some of the molecular aspects about bariatric surgery are described and the mechanisms that are regulated to control obesity and its comorbidities.

Evolución ponderal y de comorbilidades a largo plazo en pacientes intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica / Long-term outcome of weight and comorbidities in patients undergoing bariatric surgery

Objetivo: analizar la evolución de las comorbilidades mayores e índice de masa corporal a largo plazo en pacientes intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo transversal sobre una muestra de 38 pacientes intervenidos de cirugía bariátrica entre los años 2008 y 2011. La muestra se compone de 32 mujeres y 6 varones, con una media de edad de 43,52 años. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas realizadas fueron 8 bandas gástricas, 8 gastrectomías verticales y 22 by-pass. Resultados: la DM mejora en un 71,43% de los casos, la HTA en 47,05%, la DL en un 75% y el SAOS en un 70%. Por encima de los 5 años de seguimiento, el 28,9% de los pacientes presenta obesidad tipo I, el 23,7% presenta sobrepeso, el 23,7% obesidad tipo II y el 23,7% obesidad tipo III. Conclusión: la cirugía bariátrica consigue la resolución de comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad en un porcentaje muy elevado de casos, siendo la más efectiva la dislipemia. La reganancia de peso a largo plazo sigue siendo un problema en estos pacientes así como su seguimiento por encima de los 5 años.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to analyze the outcome of major comorbidities and body mass index during long-term follow-up in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 28 patients (32 women and 6 men; mean age: 43.52 years) undergoing bariatric surgery between 2008 and 2011. The surgical procedures performed were adjustable gastric banding (n =8), sleeve gastrectomy (n = 8) and gastric bypass (n = 22). Results: Diabetes mellitus was resolved in 73.43% of cases, hypertension in 47.05%, dyslipidemia in 75% and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in 70%. Five years after surgery, 28.9% of the patients had obesity class I, 23.7% had overweight, 23.7% had obesity class II and 23.7% had obesity class III. Conclusion: bariatric surgery achieves resolution of comorbidities associated with obesity in a high percentage of cases. This effect is more effective in dyslipidemia. Weight regain in the long-term and follow-up beyond five years after surgery are still pending issues.

Bariatric surgery in brazilian public health system: the good, the bad and the ugly, or a long way to go. yellow sign! / Cirurgia bariátrica no sistema público de saúde brasileiro: o bom, o mau e o feio, ou um longo caminho a percorrer. sinal amarelo!

ABSTRACT Background: In Brazil, there has been a significant increase in obesity rates in all age groups. Data from 2017 show that obesity affects 19% of the population. Due to the magnitude of the problem, public health policies have aimed to prevent complications related to obesity by increasing the offerfor bariatric surgeries. Aim: To analyze the current status of bariatric surgery performed in the Brazilian public health system, including data from macroregions and also the effect of digestive surgery training on the number of procedures. Methods: The database of the public health registry (DATASUS) was assessedbetween 2008 and 2018 for descriptive analysis of data and evaluation of the selected parameters. The main surgical techniques, comorbidities, mortality and the costs profile of the system were evaluated. Results: There was a 339% increase in the number of bariatric surgeries in the period evaluated. Gastric bypass was performed in 94% of cases whereas sleeve in 2.4%. Other techniques were used in 3.6%. There were discrepancies in the number of surgeries performed in different regions of the country. Conclusion: There was a considerable advance in the number of bariatric surgeries performed by the public health system between 2008 and 2018. However, there is a need to increase the offer of this service and alsospecialized training, as well as a correction in the distribution of these procedures in the national territory to achieve integrality among its users.

RESUMO Racional: No Brasil, tem-se observado aumento expressivo nas taxas de obesidade em todas as faixas etárias. Dados de 2017 demonstram que a obesidade atinge 19% da população. Em virtude da magnitude do problema, as políticas de saúde pública têm focado suas atenções na prevenção das complicações relacionadas à obesidade, através de um incremento na oferta de operações bariátricas. Objetivo: Analisar o atual estado da cirurgia bariátrica realizada pelo sistemapúblico de saúde do Brasil, incluindo dados das macrorregiões e o efeito do treinamento em cirurgia digestiva no número de procedimentos. Métodos: Foi utilizado o banco de dados do registro de saúde pública (DATASUS) entre 2008 e 2018 para análise descritiva dos dados e avaliação dos parâmetros selecionados. Foram avaliadas as principais técnicas cirúrgicas, as comorbidades, a mortalidade e o perfil de custos ao sistema. Resultados: Demonstrou-se aumento de 339% no número de operações bariátricas no período avaliado. O bypass gástrico foi utilizado em 94%, osleeve em 2,4% eoutras técnicas em 3,6% dos casos. A técnica videolaparoscópica foi usada em 4,7% do total entre 2017 e 2018. Observaram-se discrepâncias no número de procedimentos realizados nas diferentes regiões do país. Conclusão: Houve avanço considerável no número de operações bariátricas realizadas pelo sistema público de saúde entre 2008 e 2018. Há, contudo, necessidade de aumento na oferta deste serviço e de treinamento especializado, bem como correção na distribuição dos procedimentos no território nacional para que se atinja integralidade entre seus usuários.

Cirurgias bariátricas realizadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no período 2010-2016: estudo descritivo das hospitalizações no Brasil / Cirugías bariátricas realizadas por el Sistema Único de Salud en el período 2010-2016: estudio descriptivo de las hospitalizaciones en Brasil / Bariatric surgeries performed by the Brazilian National Health System in the period 2010-2016: a descriptive study of hospitalizations

Objetivo: caracterizar as hospitalizações pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para realização de cirurgias bariátricas no Brasil, no período 2010-2016. Métodos: estudo descritivo de séries temporais, com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS); sua população-alvo, pacientes na idade de 16 ou mais anos. Resultados: foram realizadas 46.035 internações (6.576/ano; 4,3/100 mil hab./ano); a média de idade foi de 39,0 anos (desvio-padrão: 10,4); o sexo feminino predominou (85,4%) e a faixa etária de 35-39 anos concentrou 18,0% dos casos; 16.923 pacientes (36,8%) necessitaram de unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI); ocorreram 99 (0,2%) óbitos intra-hospitalares; a mediana de permanência hospitalar foi de 3 dias, e o intervalo interquartil, de 2 dias; o gasto médio anual foi de R$ 39.410.919,37 e o valor médio por internação atingiu R$ 5.992,75 (R$ 1.464,15/dia). Conclusão: as cirurgias bariátricas caracterizaram-se como procedimentos com adultos jovens do sexo feminino, uso frequente de UTI e baixa letalidade.

Objetivo: caracterizar hospitalizaciones por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) para cirugía bariátrica en Brasil, en el período 2010-2016. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del SUS (SIH/SUS); la población objeto se constituyó de pacientes con edad de 16 años o superior. Resultados: se realizaron 46.035 admisiones (6.576/año; 4,3/100 mil habitantes/año); la edad promedio fue de 39,0±10,4 años; el sexo femenino predominó (85,4%) y el grupo de edad de 35-39 años concentró 8.308 (18,0%) casos; 16.923 pacientes (36,8%) necesitaron unidad de tratamiento intensivo (UCI); se produjeron 99 (0,2%) muertes intrahospitalarias; la mediana de permanencia hospitalaria fue de 3 días y el rango intercuartil de 2 días; el gasto promedio anual fue de R$ 39.410.919,37 y el valor promedio por hospitalización de R$ 5.992,75 (R$ 1.464,15/día). Conclusión: las cirugías bariátricas se caracterizaron como procedimientos de mujeres adultas jóvenes, uso relativamente frecuente de la UCI y baja letalidad.

Objective: to characterize Brazilian National Health System (SUS) hospitalizations for bariatric surgeries in Brazil, in the period 2010-2016. Methods: this was a descriptive study of time series using data from the SUS Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS); the target population consisted of patients aged 16 years and older. Results: there were 46,035 hospitalizations (6,576/year; 4.3/100,000 inhabitants/year); average age was 39.0 years old (SD:10.4); female sex predominated (85.4%), and the 35-39 age group accounted for 18.0% of cases; 16,923 patients (36.8%) needed to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); there were 99 (0.2%) in-hospital deaths; the median hospital stay was 3 days, and the interquartile range was 2 days; average annual expense was R$ 39,410,919.37 and the average cost of hospitalization was R$ 5,992.75 (R$ 1,464.15/day). Conclusion: bariatric surgeries were characterized as procedures involving young female adults, frequent ICU use and low lethality.

Tendência temporal da prevalência de obesidade mórbida na população adulta brasileira entre os anos de 2006 e 2017 / Time trends in morbid obesity prevalence in the Brazilian adult population from 2006 to 2017 / Tendencia temporal de la prevalencia de obesidad mórbida en la población adulta brasileña entre los años 2006 y 2017

Para a avaliação da tendência temporal da prevalência de obesidade mórbida na população adulta das capitais brasileiras entre os anos 2006 e 2017, foi realizado estudo transversal com dados da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), analisados por regressão linear simples. Resultados evidenciaram tendência de aumento da prevalência de obesidade mórbida no Brasil. As mulheres apresentaram maiores prevalências (1,3%, em 2006, e 1,9%, em 2017) ao serem comparadas com os homens (0,9% e 1,4%). Na faixa etária entre 25 a 44 anos, a tendência foi de crescimento de 0,9% para 2,1% (p < 0,001). Em todos os níveis de escolaridade e regiões do Brasil, houve aumento da obesidade mórbida. As capitais que apresentaram tendência de aumento no sexo masculino foram: Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Macapá, Manaus, Palmas, Porto Velho, Rio Branco e Teresina. Em relação ao sexo feminino: Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro e Teresina. O crescimento da obesidade mórbida no país constitui um alerta para a urgente necessidade de adotar medidas para detê-la, como a regulação de alimentos ultraprocessados e ações de educação para a saúde para toda a população.

This study was an assessment of time trends in morbid obesity prevalence in the adult population in Brazil's state capitals from 2006 to 2017. A cross-sectional study was performed with data from the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel), analyzed by simple linear regression. The results showed an upward trend in morbid obesity prevalence in Brazil. Women showed higher prevalence rates (1.3% in 2006 and 1.9% in 2017) when compared to men (0.9% and 1.4%). The 25-44-year age bracket showed an upward trend from 0.9% to 2.1% (p < 0.001). There was an increase in morbid obesity in all levels of schooling and all regions of Brazil. The state capitals with upward trends in males were Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Macapá, Manaus, Palmas, Porto Velho, Rio Branco, and Teresina. In females, they were Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, and Teresina. The growth in morbid obesity in Brazil sounds a warning on the urgent need to adopt measures to detain it, such as regulation of ultra-processed foods and health education measures for the entire population.

Evaluación de la tendencia temporal de la prevalencia de obesidad mórbida en la población adulta de capitales brasileñas entre los años 2006 y 2017. Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos procedentes de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel), analizados por regresión lineal simple. Los resultados evidenciaron una tendencia de aumento de la obesidad mórbida en Brasil. Las mujeres presentaron mayores prevalencias (1,3% en 2006 y 1,9% en 2017) al compararlas con los hombres (0,9% y 1,4%). En la franja de edad entre 25 a 44 años la tendencia fue de crecimiento de 0,9% a 2,1% (p < 0,001). En todos los niveles de escolaridad y regiones de Brasil hubo un aumento de obesidad mórbida. Las capitales que presentaron una tendencia de aumento en el sexo masculino fueron: Campo Grande, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Macapá, Manaus, Palmas, Porto Velho, Río Branco y Teresina. En relación con el sexo femenino: Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Río de Janeiro y Teresina. El crecimiento de la obesidad mórbida en el país constituye una alerta para la necesidad urgente de adoptar medidas con el fin de detenerla como pueden ser la regulación de alimentos ultraprocesados, así como acciones educativas para la salud de toda la población.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida, perda de peso e comorbidades de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica / Evaluation of quality of life, weight loss and comorbidities of patients undergoing bariatric surgery

RESUMO Objetivo: mensurar a eficácia da perda de peso, analisar a evolução de comorbidades, investigar a qualidade de vida e avaliar o protocolo BAROS (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System) no pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: estudo transversal e quantitativo, com força de verdade de 95% (P=0,05), de 103 pacientes submetidos à Gastrectomia Vertical SLEEVE (40) e à Derivação Gástrica em Y de Roux (63), a partir de quatro meses de pós-operatório. A pesquisa foi realizada no Ambulatório de Cirurgia Geral do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, tendo sido utilizado o protocolo BAROS. Resultados: a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (89,3%). A média de idade foi de 44,23 anos. A média de perda percentual do excesso de peso foi de 69,35%. A média de tempo de seguimento pós-cirúrgico foi de 41,87 meses (±37,35). As comorbidades com maior percentagem de resolução foram: apneia do sono (90,2%), diabetes (80,7%) e hipertensão (70,8%). As complicações mais frequentes foram queda de cabelo (79,6%), deficiência nutricional (37,9%) e anemia (35%). O protocolo BAROS demonstrou que a qualidade de vida foi avaliada de forma positiva em 93,2% dos casos. O questionário Moorehead-Ardelt demonstrou que a qualidade de vida "melhorou" ou "melhorou muito" para 94,1% dos pacientes. Conclusão: a cirurgia bariátrica demonstrou ser um procedimento eficaz no tratamento da obesidade mórbida e no controle das comorbidades. A análise da qualidade de vida foi avaliada de forma positiva através do protocolo BAROS.

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the efficacy of weight loss, the evolution of comorbidities, the quality of life and the BAROS protocol (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System) in the postoperative period of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, quantitative study with 95% true strength (P=0.05), with 103 patients submitted to SLEEVE Vertical Gastrectomy (40) and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (63), from four months after surgery. We carried out the research at the Ambulatory of General Surgery of the Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco, using the BAROS protocol. Results: the majority of the patients were female (89.3%). The mean age was 44.23 years. The mean percentage loss of excess weight was 69.35%. The mean postoperative follow-up time was 41.87 months (±37.35). The comorbidities with the highest percentage of resolution were sleep apnea (90.2%), diabetes (80.7%) and hypertension (70.8%). The most frequent complications were hair loss (79.6%), nutritional deficiency (37.9%) and anemia (35%). The BAROS protocol demonstrated that patients positively evaluated quality of life in 93.2% of the cases. The Moorehead-Ardelt questionnaire showed that quality of life "improved" or "improved greatly" for 94.1% of patients. Conclusion: bariatric surgery has been shown to be an effective procedure in the treatment of morbid obesity and in the control of comorbidities. Quality of life analysis was evaluated positively through the BAROS protocol.

Prevalência da compulsão alimentar periódica e desenvolvimento de obesidade grave / Prevalence of periodic binge eating and the development of severe obesity

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de compulsão alimentar periódica. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal, com 49 pacientes candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, em acompanhamento pré-cirúrgico, submetidos à anamnese direcionada e aos quais foi aplicada a Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 39,18±10,38 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (79,59%). O peso e o índice de massa corporal médios da amostra foram respectivamente 131,89±25,78kg e 49,72±6,79kg/m². As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica (55,10%) e diabetes mellitus (30,61%). Dos 49 entrevistados, 10 (20,40%) apresentaram pontuação compatível com compulsão alimentar periódica, sendo moderada em 8 (16,32%) e grave em 2 pacientes (4,08%). Houve relação entre a presença de compulsão alimentar periódica e menor tempo de obesidade. Conclusão: A prevalência de compulsão alimentar periódica nos pacientes candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica analisados foi semelhante ao descrito na literatura e parece haver relação inversa entre compulsão alimentar e velocidade de ganho de peso. São necessários estudos maiores para confirmar nossos achados.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of binge eating disorder. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study with 49 patients that are candidates for bariatric surgery in the presurgical monitoring, who underwent directed anamnesis and then had the Binge Eating Scale (BES) applied. Results: The average age was 39.18±10.38 years, with most of them being female (79.59%). Average weight and body mass index (BMI) were respectively 131.89±25.78kg, and 49.72±6.79kg/m². The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (55.10%) and Diabetes Mellitus (30.61%). Of the 49 patients interviewed, 10 (20.40%) had a score that was consistent with binge eating disorder, moderate in 8 (16.32%), and severe in 2 patients (4.08%). There was a relation between the presence of binge eating disorder and shorter time of obesity. Conclusion: The prevalence of binge eating disorder in patients eligible for bariatric surgery in this study was similar to that described in the literature, and there seems to be an inverse relation between binge eating and weight gain velocity. Further, larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Perfil da composição corporal de mulheres com obesidade grau III pelo método de bioimpedância multipolar / Profile of body composition in women with class III obesity by multipolar bioimpedance method / Perfil de composición corporal en mujeres con obesidad grado III por el método de bioimpedancia multipolar

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar um perfil da composição corporal de mulheres com obesidade grau III, através do método de bioimpedância multipolar. Métodos Foram avaliadas 13 mulheres com idades entre 20 e 40 anos e sedentárias. Resultados Os resultados demonstraram que as pacientes possuíam um % de 51,9±1,50 % e massa livre de gordura de 48,1±1,50 %. Em relação à massa gorda e massa magra por regiões do corpo, observou-se que no tronco havia 26,3±3,62 kg e 26,2±2,91 kg, seguido dos membros inferiores com 9,1±0,06 kg e 8,4±0,14 kg e dos membros superiores 3,3±0,02 kg e 7,6±0,01 kg, respectivamente. Os pacientes demonstraram certa simetria entre o lado direito e esquerdo tanto para os membros superiores e inferiores, além disto, à massa muscular foi 32,1±5,08 kg, com um índice de massa muscular de 12,7±1,05 kg/m2. Conclusão Houve um maior acumulo de gordura na região do tronco seguido de membros inferiores e superiores e a massa muscular total estava aparentemente preservada, não sendo verificada a obesidade sarcopênica. Como é um grupo de pessoas que ainda é pouco estudado há a necessidade de uma maior investigação sobre o perfil genético, físico e do gasto calórico em repouso e em exercício.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze a body composition profile in women with class III obesity using the multipolar bioimpedance method. Methods Thirteen sedentary women aged between 20 and 40 years were evaluated. Results The results show that the patients had a fat percentage of 51.9±1.50 % and lean mass of 48.1±1.50 %. Regarding fat mass and lean mass per body region, figures of 26.3±3.62kg and 26.2±2.91kg in the upper body, 9.1±0.06kg and 8.4±0.14kg in the lower limbs, and 3.3±0.02kg and 7.6±0.01kg in the upper limbs were obtained. Patients had a good symmetry between the left and right sides in both upper and lower limbs, besides of a muscular mass of 32.1±5.08kg, with a muscular mass index of 12.7±1.05kg/m2. Conclusion Higher fat accumulation was observed in the upper body region, followed by lower and upper limbs. Total muscular mass was apparently preserved, although sarcopenic obesity was not verified. Since this is a group of people that is still understudied, there is a need for further research on genetic and physical profile and caloric expenditure during exercise and rest.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar un perfil de la composición corporal de mujeres con obesidad grado III, a través del método de bioim-pedancia multipolar. Métodos Se evaluaron 13 mujeres de entre 20 y 40 años y sedentarias. Resultados Los resultados demostraron que las pacientes poseían un %G de 51,9 ± 1,50 % y una masa libre de grasa de 48,1 ± 1,50 %. En cuanto a la masa grasa y masa magra por regiones del cuerpo, se observó que en el tronco había 26,3 ± 3,62 kg y 26,2 ± 2,91 kg, seguido de los miembros inferiores con 9,1 ± 0,06 kg y 8 , 4 ± 0,14 kg y de los miembros superiores 3,3 ± 0,02kg y 7,6 ± 0,01 kg, respectivamente. Los pacientes demostraron cierta simetría entre el lado derecho e izquierdo tanto para los miembros superiores e inferiores, además, a la masa muscular fue 32,1 ± 5,08 kg, con un índice de masa muscular de 12,7 ± 1,05 kg/m2. Conclusión Hubo un mayor acúmulo de grasa en la región del tronco seguido de miembros inferiores, superiores y la masa muscular total estaba aparentemente preservada, no siendo verificada la obesidad sarcopénica. Como es un grupo de personas que todavía es poco estudiado hay la necesidad de una mayor investigación sobre el perfil genético, físico y del gasto calórico en reposo y en ejercicio.(AU)

Analysis of the prevalence of atelectasis in patients undergoing bariatric surgery / Análise da prevalência de atelectasia em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica

Abstract Background and objective: To observe the prevalence of atelectasis in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and the influence of the body mass index (BMI), gender and age on the prevalence of atelectasis. Method: Retrospective study of 407 patients and reports on chest X-rays carried out before and after bariatric surgery over a period of 14 months. Only patients who underwent bariatric surgery by laparotomy were included. Results: There was an overall prevalence of 37.84% of atelectasis, with the highest prevalence in the lung bases and with greater prevalence in women (RR = 1.48). There was a ratio of 30% for the influence of age for individuals under the age of 36, and of 45% for those older than 36 (RR = 0.68). There was no significant influence of BMI on the prevalence of atelectasis. Conclusion: The prevalence of atelectasis in bariatric surgery is 37% and the main risk factors are being female and aged over 36 years.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Observar a prevalência de atelectasia em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica e a influência do índice de massa corporal (IMC), do sexo e da idade sobre a prevalência de atelectasia. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de 407 pacientes e laudos de radiografias de tórax feitas antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica durante 14 meses. Apenas os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica por laparotomia foram incluídos. Resultados: Houve uma prevalência geral de atelectasia de 37,84%, com maior prevalência nas bases pulmonares e em mulheres (RR = 1,48). Houve uma proporção de 30% para a influência da idade nos indivíduos com menos de 36 anos e de 45% naqueles com mais de 36 anos (RR = 0,68). Não houve influência significativa do IMC sobre a prevalência de atelectasia. Conclusão: A prevalência de atelectasia em cirurgia bariátrica é de 37% e os principais fatores de risco são sexo feminino e idade superior a 36 anos.

Suicidio y cirugía bariátrica: un estudio de la evidencia / Suicide risk after bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for severe obesity and its benefits include improvement in medical comorbidities. However, a higher rate of suicides after this type of surgery has been reported. We performed a literature review on the subject, and concluded that the mentioned increase in suicide rates, compared to the general population, is probably caused by conditions that the patient had before surgery, especially psychiatric disorders such as depression or eating disorders. These are risk factors for suicide, and are more common in the population with indication for bariatric surgery. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly evaluate these patients before surgery searching for suicide risk factors, deriving them to a mental health professional if necessary and follow their mental health after surgery. Considering that the literature on the topic is inconsistent, further research is needed.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass vs. Sleeve Gastrectomy vs. Gastric Banding: The First Multicenter Retrospective Comparative Cohort Study in Obese Korean Patients

PURPOSE: Bariatric surgery is relatively new in Korea, and studies comparing different bariatric procedures in Koreans are lacking. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) for treating morbidly obese Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the medical records of 261 obese patients who underwent different bariatric procedures. Clinical outcomes were measured in terms of weight loss and resolution of comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Safety profiles for the procedures were also evaluated. RESULTS: In terms of weight loss, the three procedures showed similar results at 18 months (weight loss in 52.1% for SG, 61.0% for LAGB, and 69.2% for RYGB). Remission of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was more frequent in patients who underwent RYGB (65.9%, 63.6%, and 100% of patients, respectively). Safety profiles were similar among groups. Early complications occurred in 26 patients (9.9%) and late complications in 32 (12.3%). In the LAGB group, five bands (6.9%) were removed. Among all patients, one death (1/261=0.38%) occurred in the RYGB group due to aspiration pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The three bariatric procedures were comparable in regards to weight-loss outcomes; nevertheless, RYGB showed a higher rate of comorbidity resolution. Bariatric surgery is effective and relatively safe; however, due to complications, some bands had to be removed in the LAGB group and a relatively high rate of reoperations was observed in the RYGB group.

Perfil de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, assistidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil: revisão sistemática / The profile of patients undergoing bariatric surgery in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: a systematic review / Perfil de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, asistidos por el Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil: revisión sistemática

Em 2013, quase um milhão de brasileiros eram obesos graves. A cirurgia bariátrica é uma alternativa para a perda de peso sustentada. Até 2014 foram realizadas quase 50 mil cirurgias pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil, mas dados antropométricos e de comorbidades destes pacientes são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática para conhecer o perfil do paciente submetido à cirurgia bariátrica pelo SUS até 2014. Foram consultadas as bases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e Scopus. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos incluídos foi avaliada por escores de Carson e Newcastle-Ottawa. Foram identificados 1.591 estudos e selecionados 39, sendo 95% observacionais. Em média, os pacientes têm 41,4 anos, índice de massa corporal 48,6kg/m2, 21% são homens, 61% hipertensos, 22% diabéticos e 31% têm apneia do sono. Comparado com pacientes incluídos em estudos internacionais, o paciente SUS apresenta perfil antropométrico e de comorbidades semelhante, exceto pela maior prevalência de hipertensão. A baixa qualidade metodológica dos estudos sugere precaução na interpretação dos resultados.

Nearly one million Brazilians were morbidly obese in 2013. Bariatric surgery is an option for sustained weight loss, and the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) had provided 50,000 such procedures as of 2014. The SUS database does not provide anthropometric and comorbidity data on these patients, so the aim of the current study was to perform a systematic review to assess the profile of SUS patients that underwent bariatric surgery from 1998 to 2014. The MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus databases were searched, and the methodological quality of the included articles was assessed. Of the 1,591 identified studies, 39 were selected, 95% of which were observational. Patients had a mean age of 41.4 years and mean body mass index of 48.6kg/m2; 21% were males, 61% hypertensive, 22% diabetics, and 31% presented sleep apnea. When compared to international study samples, SUS patients showed similar a anthropometric profile and comorbidities but higher prevalence of hypertension. The studies' low methodological quality suggests caution in interpreting the results.

En 2013 cerca de un millón de brasileños eran obesos graves. La cirugía bariátrica es una alternativa para la pérdida de peso sostenida y hasta 2014 fueron realizadas 50.000 operaciones por el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil (SUS), sin embargo, faltan datos antropométricos y de comorbilidades de esos pacientes. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática para conocer el perfil del paciente SUS, sometido a la cirugía bariátrica entre 1998-2014. Se consultaron las bases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO y Scopus y se evaluó la calidad metodológica de los artículos. Se identificaron 1.591 y se seleccionaron 39; un 95% eran observacionales. En promedio, los pacientes tienen 41,4 años, índice de masa corporal 48,6kg/m2, un 21% son hombres, un 61% hipertensos, un 22% diabéticos y un 31% presentan apnea del sueño. Comparado con pacientes de los estudios internacionales, el paciente SUS presenta un perfil antropométrico y de comorbilidades semejante, excepto por la mayor prevalencia de hipertensión. La baja calidad metodológica de los estudios sugiere cautela en la interpretación de los resultados.

Bariatric surgery – An update for the endocrinologist / Cirurgia bariátrica – Uma atualização para o endocrinologista

Obesity is a major public health problem, is associated with increased rates of mortality risk and of developing several comorbidities, and lessens life expectancy. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbidly obese patients, reducing risk of developing new comorbidities, health care utilization and mortality. The establishment of centers of excellence with interdisciplinary staff in bariatric surgery has been reducing operative mortality in the course of time, improving surgical safety and quality. The endocrinologist is part of the interdisciplinary team. The aim of this review is to provide endocrinologists, physicians and health care providers crucial elements of good clinical practice in the management of morbidly obese bariatric surgical candidates. This information includes formal indications and contraindications for bariatric operations, description of usual bariatric and metabolic operations as well as endoscopic treatments, preoperative assessments including psychological, metabolic and cardiorespiratory evaluation and postoperative dietary staged meal progression and nutritional supplementation follow-up with micronutrient deficiencies monitoring, surgical complications, suspension of medications in type 2 diabetic patients, dumping syndrome and hypoglycemia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):875-88.

A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública, está associada com aumento do risco de mortalidade e de desenvolver diversas comorbidades e diminui a expectativa de vida. A cirurgia bariátrica é o tratamento mais eficaz para pacientes com obesidade mórbida, reduzindo o desenvolvimento de novas comorbidades, a utilização dos cuidados de saúde e a mortalidade. A criação de centros de excelência com equipes interdisciplinares em cirurgia bariátrica vem reduzindo a mortalidade operatória no decorrer do tempo, melhorando a segurança e a qualidade cirúrgica. O endocrinologista faz parte da equipe interdisciplinar. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer aos endocrinologistas, médicos e prestadores de cuidados de saúde elementos cruciais de boas práticas clínicas no tratamento de pacientes com obesidade mórbida candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Essas informações incluem indicações formais e contraindicações para as operações bariátricas, descrição das operações bariátricas e metabólicas habituais, bem como tratamentos endoscópicos, avaliação pré-operatória, incluindo avaliação cardiorrespiratória psicológica, metabólica e no pós-operatório, dieta com refeições progressivamente estagiadas e seguimento com suplementação nutricional e monitoramento de deficiências de micronutrientes, complicações cirúrgicas, suspensão de medicamentos em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, síndrome de dumping e hipoglicemia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):875-88.

Mortality rate after open Roux-in-Y gastric bypass: a 10-year follow-up

The prevalence of obesity has increased to epidemic status worldwide. Thousands of morbidly obese individuals undergo bariatric surgery for sustained weight loss; however, mid- and long-term outcomes of this surgery are still uncertain. Our objective was to estimate the 10-year mortality rate, and determine risk factors associated with death in young morbidly obese adults who underwent bariatric surgery. All patients who underwent open Roux-in-Y gastric bypass surgery between 2001 and 2010, covered by an insurance company, were analyzed to determine possible associations between risk factors present at the time of surgery and deaths related and unrelated to the surgery. Among the 4344 patients included in the study, 79% were female with a median age of 34.9 years and median body mass index (BMI) of 42 kg/m2. The 30-day and 10-year mortality rates were 0.55 and 3.34%, respectively, and 53.7% of deaths were related to early or late complications following bariatric surgery. Among these, 42.7% of the deaths were due to sepsis and 24.3% to cardiovascular complications. Male gender, age ≥50 years, BMI ≥50 kg/m2, and hypertension significantly increased the hazard for all deaths (P<0.001). Age ≥50 years, BMI ≥50 kg/m2, and surgeon inexperience elevated the hazard of death from causes related to surgery. Male gender and age ≥50 years were the factors associated with increased mortality from death not related to surgery. The overall risk of death after bariatric surgery was quite low, and half of the deaths were related to the surgery. Older patients and superobese patients were at greater risk of surgery-related deaths, as were patients operated on by less experienced surgeons.

Central Venous Catheter in Obese Patient May Even Cause Cor Pulmonale.

Introduction: Sometimes the needless usage of central venous catheter, conflicting with indications, has been witnessed. Unfortunately, incidence of axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis has risen gradually because of increased use of the subclavian vein for central venous access. Furthermore obesity is common among patients with deep vein thrombosis, with a prevalence of 20-25%. Presentation of Case: I am presenting a 35-year old morbidly-obese woman with cor pulmonale resulting from post-catheterization thrombosis of jugular, axillary, subclavian veins, and superior vena cava. Discussion: Obese individuals have higher levels of factor VIII and factor IX. Obesity promotes deep vein thrombosis by inducing plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation as well. Obesity causes, via leptin, increasing activity of coagulation cascade and decreasing fibrinolysis. Also it increases inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Obesity together with central venous catheter use may increase the risk for the development of deep vein thrombosis and subsequent cor pulmonale. Conclusion: Requirement of central venous catheter must be reconsidered before introducing, especially in an obese patient.

Análisis metacontingencial de la obesidad mórbida como problemática de salud pública / Metacontingencial anaylis to morbid obesity public health problema

El análisis metacontingencial es una estrategia ventajosa para la explicación de fenómenos socio-culturales a partir de los principios del análisis del comportamiento. Los estudios relacionados con la obesidad se han centrado en aspectos de orden epidemiológico, que han resultado útiles para caracterizarla, pero no han logrado explicar e identificar las relaciones entre los factores del contexto particular y los de tipo global, que son críticos para la adquisición y mantenimiento de esta, con los comportamientos de las personas con obesidad. En este artículo se realizó el mapa de contingencias para esta problemática, con base en la propuesta de Matainni (1996), que muestra las relaciones de dependencia entre las conductas, las ocasiones, los modelos, las reglas y las consecuencias. Además se señalan aspectos importantes que se podrían modificar para cambiar algunos factores implicados en el mantenimiento de la obesidad y ayudar a disminuir su incidencia y prevalencia, entendiéndola a nivel cultural.

Metacontingencial Analysis had been a useful strategy to explain socio-cultural phenomenon, with base on behavior analysis principles. Obesity studies, it was especially related with epidemiology aspects, whose principal result was characterizes these problem, but it doesn't achieve explain and neither establish the relations between particular and global contextual factor, that been critical to acquire and maintenance, and the behavior's obesity people. It make a contingencial map for this problem, base it on Matainni (1996) propose, this show dependent relations between behaviors, occasions, models, rules and consequences. Also presents important topics that could be changed to affect factors related with obesity maintenance and help to diminished its prevalence and incidence, understanding this phenomenon in a cultural level.

Influencia del estado nutricional, niveles hormonales séricos e historia familiar de cáncer en el desarrollo del cáncer de mama / Influence of nutritional status, hormones serum levels, and family history on breast cancer development

Background: Several studies have analyzed the relation between obesity and the hormonal imbalances generated by overweight and a family history of breast cancer. All of these factors are potentially implicated in the early development of breast cancer. Aim: To verify the existence of a significant relation between the nutritional status of breast cancer patients, their hormone serum levels (estrogens, prolactin, and progesterone), and the existence of a family history of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Retrospective data was collected from clinical records of524 women diagnosed with breast cancer in a Spanish hospital. Results: There was a positive association between estrogen, progesterone and prolactin serum levels and body mass index. The elevations in hormone levels occurred earlier in life among women with a family history of breast cancer. A two way ANOVA found a significant association between progesterone and prolactin levels with the age at diagnosis of breast cancer. Conclusions: Extreme serum levels of these hormones appear to be related to the early development of breast cancer, which in turn is influenced by the existence of a family history of cancer among those women with normal or average hormone levels.

Hiperobesidad y obesidad mórbida: estudio comparativo / Hiperobesity v/s morbid obesity: a comparative study

Introduction: Bariatric surgery is effective and safe in treating obese patients with BMI > 40, however, higher preoperative weight could increases morbidity and mortality. Aim: To describe and compare the perioperative and mid term outcomes between hiperobese and morbidly obese patients submitted to gastric bypass. Material and Method: A prospective study of hiperobese patients submitted to gastric bypass over the past 10 years. We analyzed clinical characteristics, perioperative morbimortality and resolution of comor-bidities. The results were compared with a group of morbidly obese patients matched by age and sex. Results: 146 hiperobese were operated and compared with 165 morbidly obese patients. 66.8 percent were female and the average age of the total group was 39.9 +/- 12.4 years, with no significant differences between groups by sex and age. The average BMI was 53 and 44.4 respectively. 21.5 percent had diabetes mellitus 2, 39.5 percent hypertension, 31 percent dislipidemia and 8.4 percent osteoarthritis, with no significant differences between groups except for a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in the morbidly obeses (p = 0.001). 10.4 percent had surgical complications during the postoperative period, with no differences between both groups (p = 0.24). One year later all patients had a significant decrease in weight, however, hiperobeses showed a more pronounced decrease (p = 0.001). The fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels also showed a significant decrease without reaching differences between the groups. Conclusions: The gastric bypass is effective in achieving weight loss and resolution of comorbidities in morbidly obese as well as hiperobese patients, with no significant differences in surgical complications and mortality.

Introducción: La cirugía bariátrica es efectiva y segura en el tratamiento de obesos con IMC > 40, sin embargo, a mayor peso preoperatorio podría aumentar la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los resultados perioperatorios y a mediano plazo entre hiperobesos y obesos mórbidos sometidos a bypass gástrico. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes hiperobesos operados de bypass gástrico los últimos 10 años. Se analizaron características clínicas, morbimortalidad perioperatoria y resolución de comorbilidades. Se compararon los resultados con un grupo de obesos mórbidos pareados por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se operaron 146 hiperobesos, que fueron comparados con 165 obesos mórbidos. El 66,8 por ciento fueron mujeres y el promedio de edad fue 39,9 +/- 12,4 años, no encontramos diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos por sexo y edad. El IMC promedio fue 53 y 44,4 respectivamente. El 21,5 por ciento tenía diabetes mellitus 2, el 39,5 por ciento hipertensión arterial, el 31 por ciento dislipidemia y el 8,4 por ciento artrosis, sin encontrar diferencias significativas, a excepción de una mayor prevalencia de dislipidemia en los obesos mórbidos (p = 0,001). Un 10,4 por ciento presentó complicaciones quirúrgicas durante el postoperatorio, no existiendo diferencias entre ambos grupos (p = 0,24). Al año todos los pacientes presentaban un descenso significativo del peso, sin embargo, los hiperobesos presentaban un descenso más acentuado (p = 0,001). Los niveles de glicemia en ayunas, colesterol y triglicéridos también presentaron un descenso significativo sin lograr diferencias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El bypass gástrico es efectivo en la baja de peso y resolución de comorbilidades tanto en obesos mórbidos como hiperobesos, sin presentar diferencias significativas en las complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad.

Efecto del bypass gástrico a largo plazo (7 a 10 años) en pacientes con obesidad severa y mórbida sobre el peso corporal, diabetes, dislipidemia y desarrollo de anemia / Results of gastric bypass for morbid obesity after a follow up of seven to 10 years

weight and complications of obesity, seven to 10 years after gastric bypass surgery. Material and Methods: One hundred eighteen subjects with morbid obesity, aged 15 to 66years (103 women), were followed for a mean of 94 months after surgery. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and hemoglobin were measured before surgery and during follow up. Results: At 24 months of follow up, all patients lost weight and there was a mild weight increase at 94 months, that paralleled the preo-perative body mass index. Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia subsided in 95, 87 and 94% of cases, respectively. Twenty percent of patients had mild anemia and 11% moderate or severe anemia. No patient recovered the preoperative weight. Conclusions: Weight reducing effects of gastric bypass are maintained after 94 months of follow up with the expected health benefits.